ASTM D4169, ASTM International: A general simulation performance protocol which guides the user in the creation of a test plan based on broad characteristics of the product and package, means and modes of distribution, and the general types of hazards expected to be encountered. Covers 3 Assurance Levels, 18 Distribution Cycles, and 9 hazard elements. The tests and details are non-mandatory, with no associated certifications or accreditations.

ISO 4180, International Organization for Standardization: A general simulation performance protocol in two parts, somewhat antiquated (current version is dated 1980, random vibration is not incorporated). Consideration is given to nature of the goods being shipped, mode of transport used, and hazards. Includes 10 hazard elements and instructions for modifying test intensities. The tests and details are non-mandatory, with no associated certifications or accreditations.

USDOT, Hazardous Materials Packaging Regulations: The shipment of hazardous materials (dangerous goods) is highly regulated. Most regulations are based on requirements in the UN “Orange Book”. International regulatory agencies include IATA, ICAO, and IMO. In the U.S., the US Dept. of Transportation (USDOT) is responsible, with applicable regulations contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) parts 100-185. Tests include drop, leak, pressure, stacking, vibration, and water absorption (Cobb). Tests must be passed and carefully documented, and packages marked accordingly.

NMFTA Items 180 and 181, National Motor Freight Traffic Association: The National Motor Freight Classification regulates transport of goods by motor carriers in the U.S., and includes packaging requirements. Items 180 and 181 are performance test requirements, and may be used as alternates to Item 222 (Specifications for Fiberboard Boxes) and Item 689 (Test Shipment Permits). Item 180 is for general commodities and Item 181 applies only to certain types of furniture packages. Tests can include compression/vibration, impact/handling, and concentrated impact. These Items or alternates are required for compliance with carrier rules.

Parcel Carrier Requirements, UPS, FedEx, etc.: 
UPS requires the capability of passing ISTA 3A in their Tariff. The Federal Express test requirements now have ISTA 6-Series designations. Other carriers generally have their own packaging recommendations and perhaps testing requirements. Hazardous materials shipments authorized for non-specific packaging must be able to pass ISTA Procedure 1A testing. Refer to individual carriers for complete information.